Sabtu, 03 September 2011

Kinds of Kidney disease


Albuminuria

  Albuminuria is a pathological condition wherein albumin is present in the urine. It is a type of proteinuria.

Causes

The kidneys normally do not filter large molecules into the urine, so albuminuria can be an indicator of damage to the kidneys. It can also occur in patients with long-standing diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes.
Causes of albuminuria can be discriminated between by the amount of protein excreted.

Treatment

There is some evidence that dietary interventions (to lower red meat intake) can be helpful in lowering albuminuria levels.

Kindey Stone


A kidney stone, also known as a renal calculus (from the Latin ren, "kidney" and calculus, "pebble") is a solid concretion or crystal aggregation formed in the kidneys from dietary minerals in the urine. Urinary stones are typically classified by their location in the kidney (nephrolithiasis), ureter (ureterolithiasis), or bladder (cystolithiasis), or by their chemical composition (calcium-containing, struvite, uric acid, or other compounds). Kidney stones are a significant source of morbidity. 80% of those with kidney stones are men. Men most commonly experience their first episode between age 30–40 years, while for women the age at first presentation is somewhat later.

Causes

Dietary factors that increase the risk of stone formation include low fluid intake, and high dietary intake of animal protein, sodium, refined sugars, oxalate, grapefruit juice, apple juice, and cola drinks.[5]

Calcium

Calcium is one component of the most common type of human kidney stones, calcium oxalate. Some studies suggest that people who take supplemental calcium have a higher risk of developing kidney stones, and these findings have been used as the basis for setting the recommended daily intake (RDI) for calcium in adults.[6] In the Women's Health Initiative, postmenopausal women who consumed 1,000 milligrams (15 gr) of supplemental calcium and 400 international units of vitamin D per day for 7 years had a 17% higher risk of developing kidney stones than subjects taking a placebo.[7] The Nurses' Health Study also showed an association between supplemental calcium intake and kidney stone formation.[5]
Unlike supplemental calcium, high intakes of dietary calcium do not appear to cause kidney stones and may actually protect against their development.[5][7] This is perhaps related to the role of calcium in binding ingested oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract. As the amount of calcium intake decreases, the amount of oxalate available for absorption into the bloodstream increases; this oxalate is then excreted in greater amounts into the urine by the kidneys. In the urine, oxalate is a very strong promoter of calcium oxalate precipitation, about 15 times stronger than calcium. In fact, current evidence suggests that the consumption of diets low in calcium is associated with a higher overall risk for the development of kidney stones.[8] For most individuals however, other risk factors for kidney stones such as high intakes of dietary oxalates and low fluid intake probably play a greater role than that of calcium intake.[9]

Other electrolytes

Aside from calcium, other electrolytes appear to influence the formation of kidney stones. For example, by increasing urinary calcium excretion, high dietary sodium may increase the risk of stone formation.[5] Fluoridation of drinking water may increase the risk of kidney stone formation, by a similar mechanism.[10] On the other hand, high dietary intake of potassium appears to reduce the risk of stone formation because potassium promotes the urinary excretion of citrate, an inhibitor of urinary crystal formation. High dietary intake of magnesium also appears to reduce the risk of stone formation somewhat, because like citrate, magnesium is also an inhibitor of urinary crystal formation.[5]

Dietary animal protein

Diets in Western nations typically contain more animal protein than the body needs. Urinary excretion of excess sulfurous amino acids (e.g., cysteine and methionine), uric acid and other acidic metabolites from animal protein acidifies the urine, which promotes the formation of kidney stones. The body often balances this acidic urinary pH by leaching calcium from the bones, which further promotes the formation of kidney stones. Low urinary citrate excretion is also commonly found in those with a high dietary intake of animal protein, whereas vegetarians tend to have higher levels of citrate excretion.[5]

Vitamins

Despite a widely-held belief in the medical community that ingestion of vitamin C supplements is associated with an increased incidence of kidney stones,[11] the evidence for a causal relationship between vitamin C supplements and kidney stones is inconclusive. While excess dietary intake of vitamin C might increase the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation, in practice this is rarely encountered. The link between vitamin D intake and kidney stones is also tenuous. Excessive vitamin D supplementation may increase the risk of stone formation by increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium, but there is no evidence that correction of vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of stone formation.[5]

Other

There are no conclusive data demonstrating a cause and effect relationship between alcohol consumption and kidney stones. However, some have theorized that certain behaviors associated with frequent and binge drinking can lead to systemic dehydration, which can in turn lead to the development of kidney stones.[12] The American Urological Association has projected that increasing global temperatures will lead to an increased incidence of kidney stones in the United States by expanding the "kidney stone belt" of the southern United States.[13] 

treatment
Small stones that do not cause symptoms, blockage or infection, usually needs no treatment. Drink plenty of fluids will increase urine output and help to remove some stones; if the stone has been lost, then no longer need immediate treatment. Renal colic can be reduced with narcotic analgesics. Stones in the renal pelvis or the ureter top size of 1 centimeter or less can often be solved by ultrasonic waves (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ESWL). Stone fragments will then be discarded in the urine. Sometimes a stone removed through a small incision in the skin (percutaneous nephrolithotomy, percutaneous nefrolitotomi), followed by ultrasonic treatment. Small stones in the ureter the bottom can be removed with an endoscope that is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder. Uric acid stones sometimes will dissolve gradually in the atmosphere of alkaline urine (for example by giving potassium citrate), but other stones can not be solved this way. Uric acid stones are larger, which causes blockage, it should be removed surgically. The presence of stone struvit indicate the occurrence of urinary tract infections, as it was given antibiotics.

 

Urolithiasis

Urolithiasis (from Greek oûron, "urine" and lithos, "stone") is the condition where urinary calculi are formed[1] in the urinary tract.
[The term kidney stone (or "renal calculus") is sometimes used to refer to urolithiasis in any part of the urinary tract, however it is more properly reserved for stones that are actually in the collecting duct of the kidney itself.
The term nephrolithiasis can be used to describe the condition of having kidney stones, and ureterolithiasis can be used to describe the condition of having stones in the ureter.
Obstruction of the ureter by the kidney stones causes a renal colic attack which is why intense pain is felt in groin and back.
Causes

Bladder stones can occur if kidney(s), the bladder or urinal tracts get inflamed. Another reason is if a patient has frequent insertion of urinary catheters. Some people who are paralyzed and unable to pass urine require small plastic tubes (catheters) placed in the bladder. These tubes are prone to infection which irritates the bladder resulting in stone formation. Finally kidney stones can travel down the ureter into the bladder and grow in to bladder stones. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of bladder cancer.
Treatment

The treatment of bladder stones is simple. One needs to start drinking a lot of fluids. While any fluids can be consumed, water is considered to be the ideal solution. Excess fluid can help pass the small stones. Large stones or those that fail to pass may require other methods of treatment.

Breaking up of bladder stones is also done with a camera (cystoscope) which is inserted into the bladder. The surgeon visualizes the stone and use ultrasound or another mechanical device to break the stones into small pieces which are then flushed out. The procedure does require some type of anesthesia and may require admission to a hospital for several days. Complications of this treatment include infections, small tear of the bladder or bleeding in the urine.

 
Diabetes insipidus
 

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the latter. There are several different types of DI, each with a different cause. The most common type in humans is central DI, caused by a deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The second common type of DI is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which is caused by an insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH. It can also be an iatrogenic artifact of drug use.

The incidence of diabetes insipidus in the general population is 3 in 100,000.[1] The name refers to the inability to retain fluid (diabetes = siphon) and the lack of sugar in the urine (insipidus = tasteless).

Treatment

Central DI and gestational DI respond to desmopressin. Carbamazepine, an anti-convulsive medication, has also had some success in this type of DI. Also gestational DI tends to abate on its own 4 to 6 weeks following labour, though some women may develop it again in subsequent pregnancies. In dipsogenic DI, desmopressin is not usually an option.
Desmopressin will be ineffective in nephrogenic DI. Instead, the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (a thiazide diuretic) or indomethacin can improve nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Thiazide diuretics are sometimes combined with amiloride to prevent hypokalemia. It seems paradoxical to treat an extreme diuresis with a diuretic but the thiazide diuretics will decrease distal convoluted tubule reabsorption of sodium and water, thereby causing diuresis. This decreases plasma volume, thus lowering GFR and enhancing the absorption of sodium and water in the proximal nephron. Less fluid reaches the distal nephron so overall fluid conservation is obtained.
Lithium-induced nephrogenic DI may be effectively managed with the administration of amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic often used in conjunction with thiazide or loop diuretics. Clinicians have been aware of lithium toxicity for many years and traditionally have administered thiazide diuretics for lithium-induced polyuria and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. However, recently amiloride has been shown to be a successful treatment for this condition.[6]



Diabetes mellitus

 

Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).



CausesThe cause of diabetes depends on the type.

Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections, with some evidence pointing at Coxsackie B4 virus. There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to some of these triggers which has been traced to particular HLA genotypes (i.e., the genetic "self" identifiers relied upon by the immune system). However, even in those who have inherited the susceptibility, type 1 diabetes mellitus seems to require an environmental trigger.
Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.[15]
Following is a comprehensive list of other causes of diabetes:[

Diabetes Mellitus
Treatment

The goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as safely possible. Since diabetes may greatly increase risk for heart disease and peripheral artery disease, measures to control blood pressure and cholesterol levels are an essential part of diabetes treatment as well.
People with diabetes must take responsibility for their day-to-day care. This includes monitoring blood glucose levels, dietary management, maintaining physical activity, keeping weight and stress under control, monitoring oral medications and, if required, insulin use via injections or pump. To help patients achieve this, UCSF's Diabetes Teaching Center offers self-management educational programs that emphasize individualized diabetes care. The program enables patients to make more consistent and appropriate adjustments in their therapy and lifestyle.

Dietary Management and Physical Activity

Modifying eating habits and increasing physical activity are typically the first steps toward reducing blood sugar levels. At UCSF Medical Center, all patients work with their doctor and certified dietician to develop a dietary plan. Our Teaching Center conducts workshops that provide patients with information on food nutrient content, healthy cooking and exercise.

Insulin Therapy

People with type 1 diabetes require multiple insulin injections each day to maintain safe insulin levels. Insulin is often required to treat type 2 diabetes too. Using an insulin pump is an alternative to injections. The pump is about the size of a pager and is usually worn on your belt. Insulin is delivered through a small tube (catheter) that is placed under the skin (usually in the abdomen).
There are four major types of insulin:
  • Rapid-acting
  • Short-acting
  • Intermediate-acting
  • Long-acting
Your doctor will determine your dose and how often you need to take insulin. There is no standard insulin dose as it depends on factors such as your body weight, when you eat, how often you exercise and how much insulin your body produces.

Oral Medications

Sometimes blood sugar levels remain high in people with type 2 diabetes even though they eat in a healthy manner and exercise. When this happens, medications taken in pill form may be prescribed. The medications work in several different ways. These include improve the effectiveness of the body's natural insulin, reduce blood sugar production, increase insulin production and inhibit blood sugar absorption. Oral diabetes medications are sometimes taken in combination with insulin.


Hematuria



 

In medicine, hematuria, or haematuria, is the presence of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the urine. It may be idiopathic and/or benign, or it can be a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, prostate, and urethra), ranging from trivial to lethal. If white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells, then it is a signal of urinary tract infection.
Occasionally "hemoglobinuria" is used synonymously, although more precisely it refers only to hemoglobin in the urine.

Causes

The most common causes of hematuria are:
Other, less common causes of hematuria include:
Rare causes include:
Hematuria treatment depends mainly on its underlying cause. At times, treating it may not even be required, if there is no serious condition that is causing it. Home remedies for hematuria are limited to making dietary changes. Some of the recommendations include:
  • An increase in the consumption of bitter gourd. Bitter gourd can be eaten either every day, in the natural form, or in the pill form. Some people prefer drinking the extracted juice of bitter gourd.
  • Mix some pumpkin, with sugar cane juice and drink the mixture, to recover from hematuria at a faster pace.
  • Drinking pomegranate juice everyday can be very helpful in recovering from hematuria.
  • Include a moderate amount of meat soup in your diet. However, the soup should be mild, that is, without any oil and spices, as they can aggravate the condition. This is also a beneficial hematuria treatment.
  • Drinking cranberry juice as a hematuria treatment can help your body recover from a bladder infection at a faster rate. This remedy is useful, in case the bleeding is caused by such conditions.
  • Coconut water, mixed with spinach juice, is considered a safe diuretic, which helps in curing bladder infections that may lead to the presence of blood in the urine.
  • Sip a concoction with a cup of boiling water, to which a teaspoon of lemon juice has been added. You can allow the mixture to cool a bit, before sipping it. For best results drink the concoction throughout the day, at two-hour intervals.
While the remedies mentioned above may alleviate the symptoms and help you recover faster, it is best that you consult a doctor when you seek hematuria treatment.




Nephritis is inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys. The word "nephritis" was imported from Latin, which took it from Greek: νεφρίτιδα.[1] The word comes from the Greek νεφρός - nephro- meaning "of the kidney" and -itis meaning "inflammation". Nephritis is often caused by infections, toxins, and auto-immune diseases.


Causes and risk factors

The causes of nephritis (or acute nephritic syndrome as the collection of symptoms is sometimes called) tend to be different in adults and children.
One of the commonest, especially in children, is after infection with the streptococcus bacteria, which leads to an immune reaction that damages the filtering units of the kidney known as the glomeruli. This condition is called post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Other causes seen more frequently in children than adults include Henoch-Schönlein purpura (an inflammation of the blood vessels caused by an abnormal immune response) and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (an abnormal immune reaction with triggers including gastrointestinal infection).
In adults, diseases that frequently underlie nephritis include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), pneumonia, abscesses, infections such as measles, mumps or glandular fever, hepatitis, and a range of different immune disorders that cause types of glomerulonephritis.
In more serious, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, about half of people remember having had a flu-like illness in the month before symptoms start.

Treatment and recovery

The treatment of nephritis depends on the type and cause of the condition. The aim is to reduce inflammation, limit the damage to the kidneys and support the body until kidney function is back to normal.
Restriction of sodium (salt), potassium, protein and fluids in the diet may be necessary. Sometimes bed rest is advised. Steroids, or more powerful immunosuppressant drugs, may be given to reduce the inflammation.
Antibiotics may be needed too, although in many cases the infection that initially triggered the nephritis has long since gone. Medication may also be needed to control blood pressure.
In severe cases, renal dialysis may be necessary, although this may only be a temporary measure.
Adults are slower to recover than children and more likely to develop complications or progress into chronic nephritis. Acute nephritic syndrome is unlikely to recur, but if it does there's at least a one in three chance that an adult will develop what is known as 'end-stage kidney disease', leaving them in need of permanent dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Alternative and complementary therapies list for Nephritis:

Alternative treatments, complementary therapeutic options, or home remedies that have been listed in various sources as possibly helpful for Nephritis may include:
  • Apis homeopathic remedy
  • Berberis homeopathic remedy
  • Natrum sulph homeopathic remedy
  • Terebinthina homeopathic remedy
  • Arsenicum homeopathic remedy
  • Belladonna homeopathic remedy
  • Cantharis homeopathic remedy
  • Helleborus nig homeopathic remedy
  • Phosphorus homeopathic remedy
  • Hepar homeopathic remedy
  • Veratrum album homeopathic remedy
  • Salba seeds and salba seed oil

Warning About Alternative Treatments

Always check with your doctor or qualified medical professional before using any alternative or complementary treatment, or before stopping or changing any other treatment to use alternative approaches. Some treatments or preventatives may be of dubious value, and certain alternative treatments can be dangerous in some cases. 

Glycosuria


1. Glycosuria is a kidney disease in the form of glucose (sugar) in the urine. This disease can also be called diabetes mellitus. This disease usually strikes people in the elderly, is caused by too much sugar causing diabetes.


3. cause
- Too much consumption of foods that contain lots of sugar
- Consume less salt

4. treatment
Reduced-sugar foods that contain high levels
-Eating fruits
-Drugs that function to spur spending inslin, and also improve insulin sensitivity.






 

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